Japan Hasn’t Recovered 10 Years After Fukushima Meltdowns
/By Maggie Gundersen
The air is getting warmer, birds are chirping, and the sun is getting brighter. Like many of you, I feel spring approaching! My body and soul yearn for time in our garden. When I mow, and yes, in South Carolina (SC), I am already mowing, the air smells so lovely with fresh-cut grass and clovers.
Unfortunately for the rest of the Fairewinds crew and me, Nuclear Spring has permanently changed our lives. For us, Nuclear Spring is a time when harrowing nuclear nightmares of years long ago rear their heads yet again, changing our perception of the renewal of our planet each spring.
Did you know that there have been five nuclear meltdowns during the last 42 years, and all of them have happened during springtime? The month of March starts with the three meltdowns at Fukushima Dai-ichi on March 11th (2011). Shortly after, we recount the Three Mile Island meltdown events on March 28th (1979). And, of course, April 28th (1986) is when Chernobyl melted down.
While most of us know when these atomic meltdown tragedies began, no one knows when they ended because none of these catastrophes are over. The impact of each meltdown lingers locally and globally to this very day. Due to the massive amounts of high-level radioactivity released, the effect of these meltdowns will plague our precious earth for thousands of years, as each spring earth struggles to renew itself in these hotly contaminated zones.
For the crew here at Fairewinds, spring is a time when we respond to press inquiries and continue our mission to speak truth to power about the dangers posed when industry and governments split the atom. It is worth noting that this gruesome record of five spring meltdowns is incomplete without mentioning the July 16th Church Rock disaster at the Navajo Nation in New Mexico in 1979. Studies show that this one event released more uranium mill tailing radiation than all of the radiation emitted at TMI a mere three months earlier. However, in its typical myopic fashion of using the atom at all costs, the U.S. government acted as if nothing serious happened at all. There are hidden disasters and little-recognized catastrophes that have been unacknowledged by governments worldwide in their pursuit of atomic weapons and the bridge to those weapons created by nuclear power plants.
During this spring, with these six disasters in our minds, the Fairewinds crew will be posting numerous current and archival links to material for you, our readers, supporters, and Fairewinds members to reflect upon. Whenever you hear about new and advanced atomic reactors being a solution to the climate crisis, please remember that they are not new or advanced!. Only when all 400+ atomic power plants are closed worldwide can we all genuinely welcome spring with pleasure as we tend our gardens, enjoy the beautiful outdoors, and listen to birdsong each spring.
Today, we begin our Nuclear Spring Series with Japan Hasn’t Recovered 10 Years After Fukushima Meltdown published by Truthout to coincide with the 10th commemoration of Japan’s Fukushima Dai-ichi meltdowns on March 11, 2011.
Japan Hasn’t Recovered 10 Years After Fukushima Meltdown
On March 11, 2011, a devastating offshore earthquake and ensuing tsunami rocked Japan and resulted in nuclear meltdowns in three nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear site. Until the 2020 Tokyo Olympics were placed on a one-year hiatus because of concerns over COVID-19, the Japanese government had portrayed these events as the “Recovery Olympics.” It had hoped to use the Olympics to showcase a claimed restoration of Japan since it was devastated in 2011. But has Japan really “recovered?”
Recently, corresponding author Marco Kaltofen* (Worcester Polytechnic Institute), co-author Maggie Gundersen** (Fairewinds Energy Education) and I published our second peer-reviewed journal article analyzing hundreds of radioactive samples from northern Japan that we collected with assistance from Japanese citizens and scientists. Our sampling on five occasions over almost a decade totaled 70 days on the ground. Here are four things we discovered.
1. Existing radiation maps ignore significant sources of radiological exposure.
Most of the radiation maps of northern Japan are based on external radiation detected in handheld instrument measurements by citizens and scientists, who then link the measurements to GPS coordinates while downloading that data into a massive database. This information about direct, external radiation is certainly important, but it has become the de facto criteria for decision makers in Japan to decide which cities and towns should be repopulated.
We found that this approach only provides limited policy alternatives and serves to minimize potential population exposure for two reasons. First, the Geiger counter data is for external radiation that was deposited on the ground external to human bodies and ignores radiation imbibed or inhaled as “hot particles” into the human body.
Secondly, the external radiation data frequently displayed for northern Japan is based on radiation emitted from only a single radioactive isotope, Cesium-137 (Cs-137), as measured externally. On the other hand, our papers show a wide variety of isotopes that are not detected by handheld Geiger counters or absorbed externally. We show that there is an extensive brew of various isotopes present in radioactive dust that is inhaled or imbibed. Our papers indicate that the radioactive concentration in these dust particles varies widely, by a factor of 1 million, with 5 percent (3 sigma) of these “hot particles” 10,000 times more radioactive than the mean. Our most radioactive dust particle was collected 300 miles from the site of the meltdown.
Furthermore, the data show that alpha, beta and gamma-emitting contaminants in radioactive fallout from the Daiichi meltdowns have not traveled together in lockstep. This means that measuring only beta-emitters like Cesium-137 or only total gamma (as you would with a Geiger counter) is not enough to map the full impact of the fallout. Alpha-emitters must also be measured to protect the public health. This is especially important because of the serious health impacts that can come from exposure to alpha radiation.
Our most radioactive dust particle was collected 300 miles from the site of the meltdown.
2. Northern Japan remains radiologically contaminated.
When a nuclear chain reaction stops, the hazardous remnants of the previously split uranium atoms, euphemistically called “fission products,” are left behind and remain radioactive for centuries. The triple meltdowns and explosions at Fukushima Daiichi Units 1, 2 and 3 in March 2011 released an enormous amount of these fission products into the environment. Wind currents pushed as much as 80 percent of this radiation over the Pacific Ocean, while 20 percent fell on northern Japan, forcing the evacuation of approximately 160,000 Japanese citizens from ancestral lands.
Absent any human intervention, short-lived fission products that originally accounted for more than half of this contamination have already decayed away during the last nine years, while even more has washed into the Pacific from storms and typhoons. Limited cleanup efforts by the Japanese government have further reduced the contamination in a fraction of the populated portion of the devastated Fukushima prefecture. Greater than 10 million tons of radioactive material have been collected and stored in 10 million individual large black bags at hundreds of locations. However, due to mountainous terrain, more than 70 percent of Fukushima prefecture will never be decontaminated.
More than 70 percent of Fukushima prefecture will never be decontaminated.
Radiation remediation efforts by the Japanese government focused only on populated areas that had been evacuated after the meltdowns. We surveyed populated and unpopulated areas as well as the proposed Olympic torch run in Fukushima prefecture and found that within 10 meters of roads, radioactive contamination was relatively low because of the limited cleanup, yet measurements taken 30 meters into the forest at the same sample location indicated contamination levels five times higher.
As the cost and effort to completely decontaminate the entire land mass of Fukushima prefecture would be prohibitive, the Japanese government has focused on cleaning only populated areas. It also increased the “allowable” radiation limit 20-fold, after an initial partial decontamination, from 1 milli-Sievert to 20 milli-Sieverts per year (100 millirem to 2 rem) to facilitate repopulation of abandoned villages. A 20-fold increase in radiation will create a 20-fold increase in radiation-induced cancers. A significant fraction of residents chose not to return, recognizing the increased risk that these higher approved limits present.
3. Previously “cleaned” areas are becoming radiologically contaminated yet again.
The city of Minamisoma was contaminated and evacuated at the height of the Fukushima disaster. After a period of several years, radiation in the city was remediated and citizens were allowed to return. Minamisoma City Hall was decontaminated, with a new epoxy roof applied after the meltdowns in 2011. The authors collected samples from this previously “clean” fourth-story roof in 2016 and again in 2017, finding high levels of alpha radiation in the relative absence of the normally ubiquitous Cesium isotopes. This can only imply that wind-borne contamination from uncleaned areas is recontaminating those areas determined habitable.
The Japanese government increased the “allowable” radiation limit 20-fold, after an initial partial decontamination.
4. Olympic venues in Fukushima prefecture are more contaminated than in Tokyo Olympic venues.
Suburbs of Tokyo are approximately 120 miles from the reactors at Fukushima Daiichi. We found particulate radiation at Olympic venues in Tokyo to be normal compared to other cities worldwide. We found that areas in Japan beyond the Olympic venues were seven times more contaminated than the venues themselves. Contamination at the Olympic venues in Fukushima prefecture, planned to showcase the region’s recovery, were also more contaminated than the Tokyo venues. We found that on average, these northern Olympic venues were two to three times more contaminated with “hot particles” than venues in Tokyo.
We also detected small but statistically significant levels of plutonium at the J-Village national soccer camp in Fukushima prefecture. Even though the Japanese government claims to have thoroughly decontaminated these Fukushima locations, it is not surprising that these Olympic venues remain contaminated. As discussed previously, since the entirety of the prefecture’s area will never be decontaminated, these areas will continue to have wind-borne contamination for centuries.
Science on a Shoestring
As Fukushima was melting down, nuclear advocates in the U.S. were testifying to the Washington State legislature, saying that Japan’s nuclear plants would not be a problem, and that working in a nuclear plant is “safer than working in Toys R Us.” Not surprisingly, those same zealots are now claiming that there will be no increase in cancer fatalities as a result of the three Fukushima meltdowns. However, not including the hot particle contamination my colleagues and I have identified, the UN estimates that thousands of fatalities will occur. Others, including myself, believe the actual cancer increase could result in upwards of 100,000 increased deaths as a result of the radioactive microparticles strewn into the environment.
Wind-borne contamination from uncleaned areas is recontaminating those areas determined habitable.
There is no doubt that radiological conditions in Japan have improved in the decade since the triple meltdowns at Fukushima Daiichi. However, our data show that Japan has not “recovered,” nor can it ever return to pre-meltdown norms. Public relations campaigns by interested parties cannot obscure the recontamination of populated areas in northern Japan that will continue to occur.
Hasegawa, the former head of Maeda Ward in Fukushima prefecture at the time of the Fukushima disaster, sums up the sentiment of most of Japanese citizens in northern Japan: “The nuclear plant took everything.… We are just in the way of the Olympics. In the end, the radiation-affected places like us are just in the way. They are going ahead just wanting to get rid of these places from Japan, to forget.”
There is an old laboratory adage that says, “The best way to clean up a spill is not to have a spill,” and this applies on a much larger scale to the entirety of northern Japan, where cleanup will remain economically unfeasible. Our future plans to further support our hypothesis that Japan remains contaminated will involve testing the shoestrings of Olympic athletes and visitors to northern Japan. Shoestrings are useful, as their woven fabric traps dust which may assist in determining the extent of contamination into populated areas in northern Japan compared to that in Tokyo.
The proper titles for co-authors in the Truthout article are:
* Dr. Marco Kaltofen, President of Boston Chemical Data Corp., Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Registered Professional Civil, Engineer.
** Maggie Gundersen, president and founder of Fairewinds Associates, Inc. and Fairewinds Energy Education nonprofit.
